Analisis Efikasi Diri Aparatur Sipil Negara berdasarkan Perspektif Lintas Generasi dan Gender di Era Transformasi Birokrasi
Abstract
Self-efficacy plays a critical role in supporting bureaucratic transformation among Indonesian civil servants, which increasingly demands adaptability and innovation. This study aims to examine differences in self-efficacy across generational cohorts (X, Y, and Z) and gender. A comparative quantitative approach was employed, using stratified random sampling based on generational and gender categories. The findings reveal significant differences in self-efficacy across generations and gender. Generation X demonstrated the highest level of self-efficacy, followed by Generation Z, while Generation Y showed the lowest. Male civil servants reported higher self-efficacy than their female counterparts. Interaction analysis further indicated that males from Generation Z and females from Generation X exhibited the highest self-efficacy within their respective groups. Actionable recommendations highlight the importance of generation- and gender-sensitive human resource development, strengthening mentoring and coaching systems, and broadening work experiences through job rotation and cross-functional collaboration to enhance self-efficacy. This study contributes to the organizational psychology literature by providing a cross-generational and gender-based perspective within the context of Indonesian civil servants and offers more targeted policy implications for public sector human resource development.
Keywords
civil servants; generational differences; gender; bureaucratic transformation; self-efficacy.
References
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Awom, T. E. S., & Komboy, M. N. I. (2025). Gender inequality in women leadership of public sector institutions in Papua, Indonesia. International Journal of Social Science (IJSS), 4(5), 2798–4079.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Macmillan.
Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 1–26.
Costanza, D. P., & Finkelstein, L. M. (2015). Generationally based differences in the workplace: Is there a there there? Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 8(3), 308–323. https://doi.org/10.1017/iop.2015.15
Deni, S., Husain, T., & Deni, A. (2020). Bureaucracy and challenges in digital era: A new concept of information technology integration in the archipelagic country. Journal of Public Policy and Administration, 4(4), 71. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jppa.20200404.12
Firdausia, N., Yusuf, M., & Anggarani, R. (2024). Gender stereotypes, glass ceiling, and self-efficacy of female civil servants. Jurnal Psikologi Sosial, 12(1), 56–70.
Grace, I. (2024). Gen X is the most stressed generation alive and studies reveal why – hint: They’re $440,000 short on retirement, and it’s only getting worse. The American Instute of Stress.
Hadi, R., & Astuti, W. (2022). Creative self-efficacy, innovative climate, and innovative behavior in public organizations. Proceedings of the International Conference on Economics, Business, and Education Studies (ICE-BEES), 2, 99–107.
He, P. X., Wu, T. J., Zhao, H. D., & Yang, Y. (2019). How to motivate employees for sustained innovation behavior in job stressors? A cross-level analysis of organizational innovation climate. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234608
Indaryanti, A., Wulan, D. K., Issom, F. L., & Sy, V. R. (2020). Self-efficacy and resilience on creative economic workers affected by covid-19. International Conference of Psychology Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, 2021, 35–45.
Ismail, F. (2018). Statistik parametrik non-parametrik untuk penelitian pendidikan dan sosial lainnya.
Israjab, M. Al, Abbas, B., & Yuana, I. (2025). Pengaruh kepemimpinan spiritual dan perbedaan generasi terhadap kinerja pegawai di Sulawesi Tenggara. 4(1), 231–256.
Kamil, R., & Laksmi. (2023). Generasi Z, pustakawan dan vita activa kepustakawanan. 9008(105), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.55981/j.baca.2023.1119
Kurniasih, R., & Hayati, R. (2023). Gender-based barriers and self-efficacy among Indonesian civil servants. Public Administration Studies, 5(2), 88–102.
Langgeng, Y. S., & Wilasari, M. F. (2023). Profesionalisme Aparatur Sipil Negara dalam meningkatkan kinerja organisasi (tinjauan literatur). Nusantara Innovation Journal, 2(1), 103–113.
Marthalina, M., Joeliaty, J., Yunizar, Y., & Soemaryani, I. (2025). Work-life balance woman working in the government sector. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, April. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-03-2024-4372
Marzuki, M. (2007). Kajian tentang teori-teori gender. Jurnal Civics: Media Kajian Kewarganegaraan, 4(2 SE-Original Research Article). https://doi.org/10.21831/civics.v4i2.6032
Mujib, A. (2025). BKN rilis statistik ASN 2025: Jumlah capai 5,3 juta, didominasi generasi Y dan perempuan. Lembaga Penelitian Dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat.
Nasrullah, N., Rijal, R., & Jusman, J. (2025). Digital governance and public service accountability: Insight from the population and civil registration office in Makassar, Indonesia. Otoritas : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 15(1), 189–204. https://doi.org/10.26618/ojip.v15i1.17840
Nasution, V. I. A., Yuliani, I., Akadira, T., & Saleha, E. (2024). Transforming governance: Indonesia’s digital leap from bureaucracy to big data in the era of society 5.0 (Issue Osc). Atlantis Press SARL. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-340-5_17
Newman, A., Herman, H. M., Schwarz, G., & Nielsen, I. (2018). The effects of employees’ creative self-efficacy on innovative behavior: The role of entrepreneurial leadership. Journal of Business Research, 89, 1–9.
Novrianto, R., Marettih, A. K. E., & Wahyudi, H. (2019). Validitas konstruk instrumen general self efficacy scale versi Indonesia. Jurnal Psikologi, 15(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.24014/jp.v15i1.6943
Nurhasanah, & Zuriatin. (2023). Gender dan kajian teori tentang wanita. Edusociata: Jurnal Pendidikan Sosiologi, 6(1), 282–291.
Nurhidayat, Nurmandi, A., & Misran. (2024). Evaluation of the challenges of e-government implementation: Analysis of the E-Government Development Index in Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Pelayanan Publik, 08(02).
Nurmala, S., & Widyasari, S. D. (2023). Innovative work behaviour in bureaucratic organizations: The effect of leadership and self-efficacy in the Ministry of Home Affairs. ResearchGate.
Oktari, W., & Andhika, M. S. (2024). Pengaruh kompetensi pegawai terhadap efikasi diri dan dampaknya pada kinerja pegawai di era digitalisasi (Studi pada pegawai generasi X Perum Perhutani KPH Bandung Utara). JEMSI (Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen, Dan Akuntasnsi), 10(3), 1633–1642.
PANRB, K. (2025, April). Dua dekade menuju Indonesia Emas, GDRBN 2025-2045 fokus pada transformasi digital pemerintah hingga peningkatan kompetensi aparatur.
Park, S., & Puranam, P. (2021). Self-confirming biased beliefs in organizational “learning by doing.” Complexity, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8865872
Putri, A., & Siscawati, M. (2022). Double burden and psychological well-being of female civil servants. Gender \& Society, 36(4), 611–628.
Rani, I. H., Jalih, J. H., & Widyowati, L. A. (2022). Indonesian generation Z work expectation and intention to apply for job: Role of social media. Quantitative Economics and Management Studies, 3(2), 193–206. https://doi.org/10.35877/454ri.qems831
Riani, W. S., & Rozali, Y. A. (2014). Hubungan antara self efficacy dan kecemasan saat presentasi pada mahasiswa Univeristas Esa Unggul. Jurnal Psikologi, 12(1), 1–9.
Rudolph, C. W., Rauvola, R. S., & Zacher, H. (2020). Generations and generational differences: Debunking myths in organizational science and practice. Work, Aging and Retirement, 6(1), 1–18.
Sahin, A. (2025). Menganalisis tingkat self-efficacy ditinjau dari gender dan fase capaian pembelajaran. Journal Psychology and Education Counseling (JPEC), 1(1), 19–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/XXXXXX-XX-0000-00
Saputri, E. D., & Pusparini, E. S. (2025). Leadership and innovation dynamics on public servants: Creative self‑efficacy and affective commitment as mediators. Indonesian Interdisciplinary Journal of Sharia Economics, 8(2).
Setyorini, F. D., & Nofriza, F. (2024). Perbedaan self-efficacy ditinjau dari jenis kelamin siswa SMPN 174 Jakarta. Journal on Education, 07(01), 4430–4435.
Strauss, W., & Howe, N. (1997). The fourth turning: An American prophecy. Broadway Books.
Surya, V., Purwati, W. D., & Pamungkas, R. A. (2023). Work engagement as mediator of competence and self-efficacy of service quality. Riset, 5(1), 055–071. https://doi.org/10.37641/riset.v5i1.160
Suryani, L., & Diniawaty, E. (2024). Agile governance in Indonesia: The role of bureaucratic transformation. Journal of Public Administration Innovation, 10(1), 44–58.
Twenge, J. M. (2010). A review of the empirical evidence on generational differences. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 3(1), 1–17.
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia. (2023). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 Tahun 2023 tentang Aparatur Sipil Negara.
Utama, A. A. G. S. (2020). Research in business & social science the implementation of e-government in Indonesia. International Journal of Research in Business & Social Science, 9(7), 190–196.
Yanti, E. (2023). Etos kerja, efikasi diri, dan kinerja PNS Dinas Pekerjaan Umum dan Penataan Ruang. 4(3), 311–318.
Yulanie, N., & Irawanto, D. W. (2021). The effect of self-efficacy on job performance: Gen X and gen Y preferences in R / D Based University. Advance in Engineering Research, 212, 86–92.
Awom, T. E. S., & Komboy, M. N. I. (2025). Gender inequality in women leadership of public sector institutions in Papua, Indonesia. International Journal of Social Science (IJSS), 4(5), 2798–4079.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Macmillan.
Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 1–26.
Costanza, D. P., & Finkelstein, L. M. (2015). Generationally based differences in the workplace: Is there a there there? Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 8(3), 308–323. https://doi.org/10.1017/iop.2015.15
Deni, S., Husain, T., & Deni, A. (2020). Bureaucracy and challenges in digital era: A new concept of information technology integration in the archipelagic country. Journal of Public Policy and Administration, 4(4), 71. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jppa.20200404.12
Firdausia, N., Yusuf, M., & Anggarani, R. (2024). Gender stereotypes, glass ceiling, and self-efficacy of female civil servants. Jurnal Psikologi Sosial, 12(1), 56–70.
Grace, I. (2024). Gen X is the most stressed generation alive and studies reveal why – hint: They’re $440,000 short on retirement, and it’s only getting worse. The American Instute of Stress.
Hadi, R., & Astuti, W. (2022). Creative self-efficacy, innovative climate, and innovative behavior in public organizations. Proceedings of the International Conference on Economics, Business, and Education Studies (ICE-BEES), 2, 99–107.
He, P. X., Wu, T. J., Zhao, H. D., & Yang, Y. (2019). How to motivate employees for sustained innovation behavior in job stressors? A cross-level analysis of organizational innovation climate. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234608
Indaryanti, A., Wulan, D. K., Issom, F. L., & Sy, V. R. (2020). Self-efficacy and resilience on creative economic workers affected by covid-19. International Conference of Psychology Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, 2021, 35–45.
Ismail, F. (2018). Statistik parametrik non-parametrik untuk penelitian pendidikan dan sosial lainnya.
Israjab, M. Al, Abbas, B., & Yuana, I. (2025). Pengaruh kepemimpinan spiritual dan perbedaan generasi terhadap kinerja pegawai di Sulawesi Tenggara. 4(1), 231–256.
Kamil, R., & Laksmi. (2023). Generasi Z, pustakawan dan vita activa kepustakawanan. 9008(105), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.55981/j.baca.2023.1119
Kurniasih, R., & Hayati, R. (2023). Gender-based barriers and self-efficacy among Indonesian civil servants. Public Administration Studies, 5(2), 88–102.
Langgeng, Y. S., & Wilasari, M. F. (2023). Profesionalisme Aparatur Sipil Negara dalam meningkatkan kinerja organisasi (tinjauan literatur). Nusantara Innovation Journal, 2(1), 103–113.
Marthalina, M., Joeliaty, J., Yunizar, Y., & Soemaryani, I. (2025). Work-life balance woman working in the government sector. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, April. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-03-2024-4372
Marzuki, M. (2007). Kajian tentang teori-teori gender. Jurnal Civics: Media Kajian Kewarganegaraan, 4(2 SE-Original Research Article). https://doi.org/10.21831/civics.v4i2.6032
Mujib, A. (2025). BKN rilis statistik ASN 2025: Jumlah capai 5,3 juta, didominasi generasi Y dan perempuan. Lembaga Penelitian Dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat.
Nasrullah, N., Rijal, R., & Jusman, J. (2025). Digital governance and public service accountability: Insight from the population and civil registration office in Makassar, Indonesia. Otoritas : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 15(1), 189–204. https://doi.org/10.26618/ojip.v15i1.17840
Nasution, V. I. A., Yuliani, I., Akadira, T., & Saleha, E. (2024). Transforming governance: Indonesia’s digital leap from bureaucracy to big data in the era of society 5.0 (Issue Osc). Atlantis Press SARL. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-340-5_17
Newman, A., Herman, H. M., Schwarz, G., & Nielsen, I. (2018). The effects of employees’ creative self-efficacy on innovative behavior: The role of entrepreneurial leadership. Journal of Business Research, 89, 1–9.
Novrianto, R., Marettih, A. K. E., & Wahyudi, H. (2019). Validitas konstruk instrumen general self efficacy scale versi Indonesia. Jurnal Psikologi, 15(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.24014/jp.v15i1.6943
Nurhasanah, & Zuriatin. (2023). Gender dan kajian teori tentang wanita. Edusociata: Jurnal Pendidikan Sosiologi, 6(1), 282–291.
Nurhidayat, Nurmandi, A., & Misran. (2024). Evaluation of the challenges of e-government implementation: Analysis of the E-Government Development Index in Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Pelayanan Publik, 08(02).
Nurmala, S., & Widyasari, S. D. (2023). Innovative work behaviour in bureaucratic organizations: The effect of leadership and self-efficacy in the Ministry of Home Affairs. ResearchGate.
Oktari, W., & Andhika, M. S. (2024). Pengaruh kompetensi pegawai terhadap efikasi diri dan dampaknya pada kinerja pegawai di era digitalisasi (Studi pada pegawai generasi X Perum Perhutani KPH Bandung Utara). JEMSI (Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen, Dan Akuntasnsi), 10(3), 1633–1642.
PANRB, K. (2025, April). Dua dekade menuju Indonesia Emas, GDRBN 2025-2045 fokus pada transformasi digital pemerintah hingga peningkatan kompetensi aparatur.
Park, S., & Puranam, P. (2021). Self-confirming biased beliefs in organizational “learning by doing.” Complexity, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8865872
Putri, A., & Siscawati, M. (2022). Double burden and psychological well-being of female civil servants. Gender \& Society, 36(4), 611–628.
Rani, I. H., Jalih, J. H., & Widyowati, L. A. (2022). Indonesian generation Z work expectation and intention to apply for job: Role of social media. Quantitative Economics and Management Studies, 3(2), 193–206. https://doi.org/10.35877/454ri.qems831
Riani, W. S., & Rozali, Y. A. (2014). Hubungan antara self efficacy dan kecemasan saat presentasi pada mahasiswa Univeristas Esa Unggul. Jurnal Psikologi, 12(1), 1–9.
Rudolph, C. W., Rauvola, R. S., & Zacher, H. (2020). Generations and generational differences: Debunking myths in organizational science and practice. Work, Aging and Retirement, 6(1), 1–18.
Sahin, A. (2025). Menganalisis tingkat self-efficacy ditinjau dari gender dan fase capaian pembelajaran. Journal Psychology and Education Counseling (JPEC), 1(1), 19–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/XXXXXX-XX-0000-00
Saputri, E. D., & Pusparini, E. S. (2025). Leadership and innovation dynamics on public servants: Creative self‑efficacy and affective commitment as mediators. Indonesian Interdisciplinary Journal of Sharia Economics, 8(2).
Setyorini, F. D., & Nofriza, F. (2024). Perbedaan self-efficacy ditinjau dari jenis kelamin siswa SMPN 174 Jakarta. Journal on Education, 07(01), 4430–4435.
Strauss, W., & Howe, N. (1997). The fourth turning: An American prophecy. Broadway Books.
Surya, V., Purwati, W. D., & Pamungkas, R. A. (2023). Work engagement as mediator of competence and self-efficacy of service quality. Riset, 5(1), 055–071. https://doi.org/10.37641/riset.v5i1.160
Suryani, L., & Diniawaty, E. (2024). Agile governance in Indonesia: The role of bureaucratic transformation. Journal of Public Administration Innovation, 10(1), 44–58.
Twenge, J. M. (2010). A review of the empirical evidence on generational differences. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 3(1), 1–17.
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia. (2023). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 Tahun 2023 tentang Aparatur Sipil Negara.
Utama, A. A. G. S. (2020). Research in business & social science the implementation of e-government in Indonesia. International Journal of Research in Business & Social Science, 9(7), 190–196.
Yanti, E. (2023). Etos kerja, efikasi diri, dan kinerja PNS Dinas Pekerjaan Umum dan Penataan Ruang. 4(3), 311–318.
Yulanie, N., & Irawanto, D. W. (2021). The effect of self-efficacy on job performance: Gen X and gen Y preferences in R / D Based University. Advance in Engineering Research, 212, 86–92.
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